Modi’s Attempts at Reforming the Obdurate Indian Bureaucracy

Indian bureaucracy is infamous, to put it mildly. Ask anyone who has requested a service from the government and they will tell you how long it takes, if the request is processed at all. Local businessmen are full of stories of approvals that didn’t arrive, even after paying bribes.

Indian bureaucrats are far from capable, and are responsible for making India a ‘flailing state’ according to Lant Pritchett of Harvard University. They are often corrupt, and many of them simply choose not to come to work. It is no wonder then that public confidence in the government is very low in India. In some states, this has even given rise to armed insurgency.

Narendra Modi, India’s new prime minister, is trying to change that perception. Before winning the general elections in May, he was the chief minister of Gujarat for fifteen years, and attributed much of the progress under his watch to a better functioning bureaucracy.

Now for the first time, he has launched an electronic attendance system to track whether more than 100,000 government officials are showing up on time for work. The public can also keep track of them through a new website, attendance.gov.in, that went live in September and shows data in real-time.

You can check how many people reported for work, and when an individual checked in or out of the system. The system represents a new frontier in a country where civil servants have previously got away with absenteeism with impunity.

The system is based on Aadhaar, the biometric identity card program that was introduced by the previous government and now covers 690 million people. Modi is pushing state governments to implement the same attendance system, and reports suggest they are planning to start soon.

The original inspiration for the idea came from Jharkhand, a state that has hardly seen any development, and has been wrecked by a Maoist insurgency. The new government there has responded to insurgents by force and by trying to improve long-neglected governance.

As part of this effort, they had introduced the attendance system last year, and the data is published online. Taxpayers can check if civil servants are at work or not.

When Modi won power he sought out the official in Jharkhand responsible for making it happen, and asked him to do the same for the federal government in Delhi.

That man, Ram Sewak Sharma, is now the prime minister’s chief civil servant for e-government and one of a number of officials the Prime Minister has sought to bring to the capital to drive his reform agenda. And lest he seem just like a school headmaster, he has sought to empower bureaucrats to take decisions with freedom from political interference.

He meets with civil servants regularly, often more than with his own cabinet colleagues.  He did the same in Gujarat before. When the bureaucracy functions better, state utilities and state-run organizations such as the Food Corporation of India or Air India, the national carrier, both known as lumbering, loss-making bureaucracies, stand a chance of being turned around.

More competent and harder working officials will also make the job of implementing economic reforms smoother.

After initially opposed the introduction of the Aadhaar biometric ID system, it is now Modi’s chosen weapon to combat corruption. It will be used, just as the previous government had planned, to supply the poor with welfare cash rather than with wasteful subsidies.

It will also be used to monitor distribution of subsidized food and fuel, such as kerosene, so that all those involved are identified by recording their fingerprints. The hope is that this will serve to plug huge leakages that result in over half of subsidized

supplies lost to theft and corrupt officials.