1. Auctions – Overview
Reverse auctions are hosted by single buyer and feature two or more suppliers competing for business. Such auctions are commonly used by organizations in a tactical way to achieve sourcing objectives. It is called reverse because during the event, the price is expected to go down due to competition.Usually in procurement, we deal with reverse auctions. However in some selected cases, we also deal with forward auctions where the buyer is actually looking for buyers. This can happen if the procurement department wants to sell out scrap, etc.
2. When to use reverse auctions?
For companies that are just starting to conduct reverse auctions, the best practice would be to use an RFP (request for proposal) process followed by an auction. Here, the buyer gets a good sense of the market pricing and can determine the auction parameters with greater confidence. The table below lists in which scenario what combination of RFPs and Reverse auctions can be used:
| Use of RFP process only | Use of RFP process and Reverse auctions | Use of Reverse auctions only | |
| Spend Characteristics | Complex | Custom | Generic |
| Specifications | Developed jointly by supplier and buyer (maybe patented) | Created by buyer (maybe patented) | Defined by industry standards |
| Market driver | Value only | Value and price | Mostly Price and volume |
| Industry competitiveness | Not very competitive (monopoly/oligopoly) | Competitive | Very competitive |
| Supplier availability | Single or few | Many | Very many (commoditized) |
| Riskiness of switching suppliers | Very high | Medium | Low |
| Supplier relationship | Strategic | Limited | Transactional |
| Switching cost | Very high | Medium/low | Negligible |
| Level of detail for supplier qualification | High | Medium | Low |
| Supply lead time | Long | Medium | Short/immediate |
| Spend examples | Patented carbon block filter; patented drug delivery system | Plastic enclosures; circuit boards; machine parts | Non-custom packaging; bulk chemicals; lab supplies |
Table 1: Scenarios where reverse auctions can be used
3. Running a successful auction
The following steps can help to ensure a successful running of auctions:
- Determine category spend amounts and specifications: It always helps to collect comprehensive data annual consumption, pricing trends, commercial terms, etc so that the buyer can confidently float the auction document
- Identify suppliers and get initial quote: Usually a RFI/RFP or RFQ processes as suitable is conducted before the auction is floated. This helps the buyer to get a fair idea of the market price
- Determine the auction strategy and rules and then build the event: As discussed above, get information from RFQ/market research
- Train suppliers: It is a good idea to invest in web based training to familiarize bidders with the auction tool. This reduces issues during the auction event
- Conduct live auction: It is recommended to make a buyer hotline available for bidders. This should be on top of any chat with buyer functionality, if available
- Award business: Awarding should not be delayed for long. Barring exceptions, awarding should be done. Else the buyer loses credibility and it may be difficult to attract bidders for the next event
- Capture savings: Document savings and publish to other buyers and stakeholders – increases adaptability
4. Right setting for auctions
4.1. Visibility rules
How much information to disclose to bidders? The following list mentions the various options:
|
Visibility rules |
What it is | When to use it and why |
| Leading bid only | Bidders can see only their bid and the leading bid |
|
| Rank only | Bidders can only see their bid and rank; they cannot see the leading bid |
|
| Leading bid and rank | Bidders can see the leading bid and their own rank |
|
Table 2: Visibility rules during auction
4.2. Line items v/s lot
-
Buyer can decide whether bidding happens on each line item or a group of line items, called lot.
- If buyer unsure of supplier capabilities in the market, best not to create lots.
- Market basket approach – if large number of line items contribute to the total spend, buyer selects a cross section of line items based on delivery location, product category, etc to create a market basket and conduct auction events:
- Goal is to identify and establish contracts with a group of preferred suppliers
- Each subsidiary of the procuring organization conducts auctions with these suppliers to make the final award
|
Line item type |
What it is | What is does and when to use it |
| Line item | A line item is an individual item on which the bidders can bid. Bidders can enter the price per line item |
|
| Lot | A lot is a grouping of line items, based on delivery location, raw materials, manufacturing process or awarding strategy. Bidders enter price for each line item in the lot |
|
Table 3: Line item v/s lot
4.3. Bid decrement
The following factors should be borne in mind while deciding the decrement values:
- Two types of bid decrement values: Percentage and Monetary value (dollar/rupee)
- Determining right bid decrement is very important: Too large or too small bid decrement will discourage bidders and reduce competition and if there is a wide range in price of line items, percentage decrement is recommended
4.4. Beating leading bid v/s beating own bid
- Beating leading bid is suitable for forward auctions where suppliers solicit buyers
- For reverse auctions, beating own bid should be used. This allows supplier to give the best price based on his cost and processes
- Often the lowest bidder does not meet the quality and service grades and thus the buyer goes for the second lowest bidder. It should be ensured that the second best bidder has given his best possible price
4.5. Duration and use of extensions
- Duration of the auction event depends on number of line items and participating suppliers
- For auctions with 15-20 line items and 4-8 suppliers, recommended minimum time is 20 minutes
- Usually bidders place their bids in the last few minutes. Here extensions can be used to ensure an even playing field
- For events with more than 20 line items, buyer should use a staggered open and close. This would enable bidders to focus on the currently open items and not get overwhelmed by the bidding activity
5. Benefit of auctions
5.1. Benefits to buyers
- Removes human factor from price negotiation
- Not all buyers are good negotiators
- Increased efficiency
- Earlier bidding process would run into months while with auctions, award can be done in weeks
- Transparent purchasing process
- All auction data can be made available to internal stakeholders. This goes a big way in winning confidence of stakeholders as well as useful for auditing purposes
- Transparency to bidders
- Bidders have visibility on where they stand in the competition
- Supplier development
- Instrumental in building trust with the bidder on a fair process. Since the bidder knows where he stands in competition, he is motivated to participate next time with improved pricing
5.2. Benefits to bidders
- Fair and competitive environment
- Bidders appreciate providing them a level playing field
- Collaborative bidding environment
- It allows the bidders to have real time questions and answers during bidding
- Market intelligence
- Even if they lose, they get good insight into pricing intelligence of competitors
- Transparency to bidders
- Bidders have visibility on where they stand in the competition
- Ability to react to competitor pricing
- They can react instantly to competitor bids which is not possible in traditional negotiations
- Time efficiency
- Supplier can focus time to other RFQs since the decision is almost instantaneous
6. Best practices for successful auctioning
Below listed are some best practices for successful auctioning:
- Select items that exist in a naturally competitive environment – If there are only few suppliers available for auction, it’s better to go for supplier development first.
- Ensure that all available contracts are expiring – Bidders generally do not want to win business one or two years down the road. Buyer should ensure that the accepted bid gets awarded in recent future
- Identify relevant non-price factors – It would disqualify some suppliers and help in better decision making for the buyer. This intelligence can be gathered from the RFP process preceding the auction or even some analytics can be used here
- Do not use auctions as benchmarking or price discovery – We could use other sources or use RFP for that. Once an auction is conducted, the bidders expect an award to happen
- Set realistic starting prices – Buyer should do proper research before the auction
- Allow adequate time to train and support bidders – This would apply especially right before the auction and also helps in fostering a level-playing field feeling among bidders
- Intend to award business – Else it would be unethical as well as bidders would not participate next time
- Contact all participants after the auction, especially losing ones – It might be a good idea to explain for 5-10 minutes on why they lost. It helps in supplier development and also building a rapport for future interactions
Most of these features and many more are available in SAP Supplier Relationship Management offering
Thanks Madhur for this clear explanantion. It was useful.